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PublicationType: journal-articleJournal: NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und MedizinVolume: 27Issue: 2
Scopus© Citations 2 -
PublicationBetter than a bet: good reasons for behavioral and rational choice assumptions in IR theory( 2022)James W. DavisBehavioral IR is enjoying newfound popularity. Nonetheless, attempts to integrate behavioral research into the larger project of IR theory have proven controversial. Many scholars treat behavioral findings as a trove of plausible ad hoc modifications to rational choice models, thereby lending credence to arguments that behavioral IR is merely residual, empirical, and hence not theoretical. Others limit their research to cataloging outcomes consistent with the basic tenets of behavioral models. Although this expands the empirical base, it is insufficient for theoretical progress. In this article, I explore various answers to the question of when rational choice or behavioral assumptions should guide efforts to build IR theory. I argue that no single answer trumps all others. Examining the various conditions under which actors reason highlights the importance of macrofoundations. Macrofoundations condition the effects of microprocesses and help identify relevant scope conditions for both rational choice and behavioral models of decision-making. Examining the various purposes of IR theory also provides answers to the question of when rational or behavioral assumptions are likely to be most useful. Although many behavioral scholars premise the relevance of their findings on claims of empirical realism, I argue that under certain conditions, deductive theorizing on the basis of as-if behavioral assumptions can lead to powerful theories that improve our understanding of IR and may help decision-makers promote desired ends.Type: journal-articleJournal: European Journal of International RelationsVolume: 29Issue: 2
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PublicationCompany-Specific Plant Roles - A Reference Process for the Design and Deployment( 2024-02-11)The interaction between a firm’s headquarters and its plants is crucial to ensuring that the manufacturing network generates a competitive advantage. The concept of plant roles, first introduced by Ferdows (1989), is a suitable tool to facilitate the headquarters-plant relationship. Although many articles deal with Ferdows’s plant roles, hardly any can be found that discusses how companies can design and deploy their own plant roles. Thus, this article proposes a step-by-step guide for network managers.Type: journal-articleJournal: Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen FabrikbetriebVolume: 119Issue: 1-2
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PublicationComplexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load( 2023)
;Andrea Burattin ;Tijs Slaats ;Ekkart KindlerComplex process models can hinder the comprehension of the underlying business processes. While several metrics have been suggested in the literature to evaluate the complexity of imperative process models, little is known about their declarative counterparts. In this paper, we address this gap through a suite of metrics that we propose to capture the complexity of declarative process models. Following this, we empirically investigate the impact of complexity, as measured by the suggested metrics, on users’ cognitive load when comprehending declarative process models. Therein, we use a multi-modal approach including eye-tracking and electrodermal activity. The findings of the empirical study provide evidence about the cognitive load emerging as a result of increased model complexity. Overall, the outcome of this paper presents empirically validated metrics to evaluate the complexity of declarative process models. Implementing these metrics and incorporating them in intelligent modeling tools would help assessing the complexity of declarative process models before being deployed. Furthermore, our empirical approach can be adopted by researchers in upcoming empirical studies to provide a multi-perspective assessment of users’ cognitive load when engaging with process models.Type: journal-articleJournal: Expert Systems with ApplicationsVolume: 233Scopus© Citations 5 -
PublicationConducting eye-tracking studies on large and interactive process models using EyeMind( 2023)
;Daniel LübkeThe understandability of process models has been subject to extensive research in which eye-tracking has demonstrated great capability to deliver meaningful insights. However, the full potential of this technology is not fully exploited due to the complexity of using dynamic stimuli in experiments (i.e., large and interactive process models) and the common use of static stimuli (i.e., small non-interactive models) as a cheap alternative limiting the ecological validity of the used experimental setting and the generalizability of the results. This paper presents EyeMind, a solution to overcome this limitation by supporting the whole experimental workflow using dynamic stimuli and offering a comprehensive analysis toolkit of eye-tracking data. All these features facilitate experiments on large and interactive process models as well as the extraction of meaningful insights.Type: journal-articleJournal: SoftwareXVolume: 24 -
PublicationCurrent Topics in International Manufacturing - Implications from Industrial Use-Cases( 2024-02-11)
;Kevin Gleich ;Gwen Louis SteierGisela LanzaDesigning the strategy, configuration and coordination of international manufacturing networks is a complex task, influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all approach for the design and management of international manufacturing networks, especially with the rising volatility of the last years. For this purpose, four different industrial use cases are presented to show topics in international manufacturing that companies are currently dealing with and how they are addressing them.Type: journal-articleJournal: Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen FabrikbetriebVolume: 119Issue: 1-2 -
PublicationDie Eroberung der Atmosphäre. Wetterbeeinflussung in Süddeutschland zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges( 2013)Die Vorstellung, das Wetter beeinflussen zu können, gewann mit dem Beginn des Kalten Krieges eine große Popularität. Die neue Technik der Wetterkontrolle, die hauptsächlich im militärischen Kontext in den USA entwickelt worden war, fand ab den 1950er Jahren in vielen Ländern der Welt Anwendung. Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags stehen die Aktivitäten am Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre in Südbayern, wo Nebelauflösung und Hagelbekämpfung im vornehmlich zivilen und lokalen Rahmen entwickelt wurden. An diesem Beispiel wird gezeigt, welche Rolle die amerikanischen Entwicklungen in der dortigen Forschung spielten und wie die lokale Bevölkerung durch die Anwendung dieser ,dual-use-technology‘ Teil des Kalten Krieges wurde. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass durch die Förderung von Wetterbeeinflussungstechniken die Atmosphäre nicht nur physisch, sondern auch auf einer ideellen Ebene besetzt werden sollte.Type: journal-articleJournal: TechnikgeschichteVolume: 80Issue: 3
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PublicationType: journal-articleJournal: European Journal of Information SystemsVolume: 33Issue: 2
Scopus© Citations 5 -
PublicationEffectiveness and User Perception of an In-Vehicle Voice Warning for Hypoglycemia: Development and Feasibility Trial( 2024)
;Caterina Bérubé ;Vera Franziska Lehmann ;Martin Maritsch ;Mathias Kraus ;Stefan Feuerriegel ;Felix Wortmann ;Thomas Züger ;Christoph Stettler ;A Baki KocaballiBackground Hypoglycemia is a frequent and acute complication in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and is associated with a higher risk of car mishaps. Currently, hypoglycemia can be detected and signaled through flash glucose monitoring or continuous glucose monitoring devices, which require manual and visual interaction, thereby removing the focus of attention from the driving task. Hypoglycemia causes a decrease in attention, thereby challenging the safety of using such devices behind the wheel. Here, we present an investigation of a hands-free technology—a voice warning that can potentially be delivered via an in-vehicle voice assistant. Objective This study aims to investigate the feasibility of an in-vehicle voice warning for hypoglycemia, evaluating both its effectiveness and user perception. Methods We designed a voice warning and evaluated it in 3 studies. In all studies, participants received a voice warning while driving. Study 0 (n=10) assessed the feasibility of using a voice warning with healthy participants driving in a simulator. Study 1 (n=18) assessed the voice warning in participants with T1DM. Study 2 (n=20) assessed the voice warning in participants with T1DM undergoing hypoglycemia while driving in a real car. We measured participants’ self-reported perception of the voice warning (with a user experience scale in study 0 and with acceptance, alliance, and trust scales in studies 1 and 2) and compliance behavior (whether they stopped the car and reaction time). In addition, we assessed technology affinity and collected the participants’ verbal feedback. Results Technology affinity was similar across studies and approximately 70% of the maximal value. Perception measure of the voice warning was approximately 62% to 78% in the simulated driving and 34% to 56% in real-world driving. Perception correlated with technology affinity on specific constructs (eg, Affinity for Technology Interaction score and intention to use, optimism and performance expectancy, behavioral intention, Session Alliance Inventory score, innovativeness and hedonic motivation, and negative correlations between discomfort and behavioral intention and discomfort and competence trust; all P<.05). Compliance was 100% in all studies, whereas reaction time was higher in study 1 (mean 23, SD 5.2 seconds) than in study 0 (mean 12.6, SD 5.7 seconds) and study 2 (mean 14.6, SD 4.3 seconds). Finally, verbal feedback showed that the participants preferred the voice warning to be less verbose and interactive. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the feasibility of an in-vehicle voice warning for hypoglycemia. Drivers find such an implementation useful and effective in a simulated environment, but improvements are needed in the real-world driving context. This study is a kickoff for the use of in-vehicle voice assistants for digital health interventions. -
PublicationGoing the whole nine yards: founder social identities and the nascent-active transition( 2023-07-11)
;Ilija Braun ;Philipp SiegerWhat makes nascent entrepreneurs more or less likely to complete the founding process and to actually start their business? To address this fundamental question, we introduce founder social identity and economic prosperity as potential explanatory factors that are still insufficiently understood. Specifically, we theorize that having a Darwinian, Communitarian, or Missionary founder social identity affects the transition from nascent to active entrepreneurship in distinct ways. Furthermore, we expect economic prosperity to act as a relevant contingency factor. We test our hypotheses in a two-wave dataset of nascent entrepreneurs from the GUESSS project and conduct a supportive post-hoc analysis in a sample of nascent entrepreneurs from a longitudinal PSED-type study (SwissPEB). We find support for most of our expectations, namely that having a Communitarian or Missionary founder social identity makes the nascent-active transition more likely and that economic prosperity moderates the Darwinian- and Communitarian-related main effects.Type: journal-articleJournal: Entrepreneurship & Regional DevelopmentVolume: 35Issue: 9-10 -
PublicationContested knowledges: Negotiating the epistemic politics of engaged activist ethnography( 2023)This article offers a methodological reflection on what it means to practise politically engaged ethnography with contemporary alter-European activists. While politically engaged research has a long history in the social sciences, it continues to present methodological and epistemological challenges to ethnographers who want their work not only to be academically rigorous, but also politically relevant. In this article, I build on scholarship conducted in collaboration with activists and social movements and what has come to be known as ‘militant ethnography’ in particular. Reflecting on three years of fieldwork with alter-European activists conducted between the UK’s vote to leave the EU in 2016 and the European Parliament elections in 2019, this article suggests that engaged knowledge production, here, is as an ongoing process of contestation. The article introduces four conceptual pillars along which these epistemic politics may be negotiated, understanding the knowledges produced as contextual, corporeal, contradictory and collective.Type: journal-articleJournal: Ethnography
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PublicationIntegrating Risk into the Analysis - Mapping and Managing Country-Level Risks in Manufacturing Networks( 2024-02)In times of global turbulence, risk management is key to ensuring competitiveness. For the management of manufacturing networks, the analysis of country risks is crucial. Operations managers must identify and manage risks arising from adverse country developments at an early stage. This paper presents a framework to map these risks and their impact on the manufacturing network. Two industry examples show how operations managers can use the approach to analyze and mitigate country-level risks.Type: journal-articleJournal: Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen FabrikbetriebVolume: 119Issue: 1-2
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PublicationInternationale Standortwahl: Erschließung von Länder- und Wettbewerbsvorteilen am Beispiel eines Automobilzulieferers( 2023-12)Zur Erschließung neuer Märkte, zur Risikomitigation oder um Zugang zu günstigen Kosten zu erhalten, erweitern Unternehmen ihre Produktionsnetzwerke mit neuen Standorten. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt eine systematische Standortauswahl passend zur Netzwerk- und Standortstrategie. Neben der Länderattraktivität wird in dem Auswahlprozess die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Unternehmens in dem jeweiligen Land berücksichtigt. Die Standortauswahl wurde für einen deutschen Zulieferer in der Zielregion Südostasien durchgeführt.Type: journal-articleJournal: Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen FabrikbetriebVolume: 118Issue: 12
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PublicationInvestigating Relevant Data in Automotive Procurement Departments: External Shocks as Transparency Creator for Data Deficits in Decision-Making( 2023)
;Sven KleeUncertainty becomes the new normal for organizations worldwide. Many organizations are dependent on complex global supply chains. COVID-19, but also environmental disasters or the war in Ukraine, demonstrate the volatility of supply chains. Procurement departments are the central interface between internal and external stakeholders and must manage the supply chain stability what requires fast and accurate decision-making. External shocks and sudden disruptions of central supply chains illustrated that data analytics could not prevent disruptions, although sound research on competitive advantages and numerous investments should have enabled organizations to data-driven decision-making. Rather, it became transparent, that there are numerous data deficits in organizations. We did an interview-based study with 23 procurement and supply chain experts about relevant data sets and the status of its usability. We contribute to theory and practice by uncovering relevant aspects of data and provide theoretical propositions on how decision-making can be improved in automotive procurement departments.Type: journal-articleJournal: Information Systems Frontiers (Inf Syst Front) -
PublicationInvesting in Your Alumni: Endowments' Investment Choices in Private Equity( 2023-11)
;Morkoetter, StefanWe investigate the role of alumni ties in university endowments' decision to invest into private equity funds. Based on a sample of 1,590 commitments made by 189 U.S. endowments into 613 funds during the period of 1995 to 2017, we show that endowments are more likely to invest into funds that are managed by the alumni of their own alma mater. This finding is more pronounced for less prestigious and less private equity experienced university endowments. Thus, our results are not only dominated by institutions with a larger proportion of active alumni in the private equity industry. Furthermore, we observe that alumni ties are not associated with better performance compared to other endowment investments where such a tie does not exist.Type: journal-articleJournal: Journal of Financial Services ResearchIssue: November 2023 -
PublicationManaging Global Manufacturing 2025+( 2024)Gisela LanzaType: journal-articleJournal: Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen FabrikbetriebVolume: 119Issue: 1-2
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PublicationMeasuring university students’ ability to recognize argument structures and fallacies(Frontiers, 2023-12-06)
;Yvonne Berkle ;Lukas Schmitt ;Antonia TolzinMiriam LeuchterTheory: Argumentation is crucial for all academic disciplines. Nevertheless, a lack of argumentation skills among students is evident. Two core aspects of argumentation are the recognition of argument structures (e.g., backing up claims with premises, according to the Toulmin model) and the recognition of fallacies. As both aspects may be related to content knowledge, students studying different subjects might exhibit different argumentation skills depending on whether the content is drawn from their own or from a foreign subject. Therefore, we developed an instrument to measure the recognition of both argument structures and fallacies among the groups of preservice teachers and business economics students in both their respective domains (pedagogy and economics), and a neutral domain (sustainability). For the recognition of fallacies, we distinguished between congruent and incongruent fallacies. In congruent fallacies, the two aspects of argument quality, i.e., deductive validity and inductive strength, provide converging evidence against high argument quality. In incongruent fallacies, these two aspects diverge. Based on dual process theories, we expected to observe differences in the recognition of congruent and incongruent fallacies.Type: journal-articleJournal: Frontiers in PsychologyVolume: 14Issue: 1270931 -
Publication(New) Histories of Science, in and beyond Modern Europe: Introduction( 2024-01-27)
;Fabian Link ;Volker RemmertCécile Stephanie StehrenbergerOver the past few decades, history of science has changed enormously and developed into a very dynamic and diversified field of historical research. Today, it includes subjects from not only the history of the natural sciences, medicine and mathematics, but also of the social sciences, the humanities as well as the study of the relationship between science and technology. Since the 1950s, also inspired by emerging approaches in the philosophy and sociology of science, new questions of scientific practice, gender or knowledge transfer have stimulated the field and contributed to the historization of scientific knowledge and institutions. In addition to a focus on nation-states, history of science also embraces inter- or transnational or global perspectives, taking postcolonial and decolonial aspects into consideration as well (e.g., Ludwig et al. 2022; Harding 2011; Seth 2017). The methods and theoretical approaches, too, have emerged from a great variety of institutional settings and disciplinary contexts across the globe. Inter- and multidisciplinary practices have become the norm rather than the exception in the history of science, and the field has seen intensified reflections of the relationship between science and other forms of knowledge (Östling et al. 2020; Sarasin 2011). Given these diversifying developments, it seems no longer adequate to call this discipline “history of science”. Rather, it might be labelled as “histories of science”, understanding “science” as Wissenschaften in the German sense, including the natural sciences, mathematics, medicine, the humanities, the social sciences as well as the study of technology. With this Special Issue, we aim to emphasize this diversity of today’s histories of science as a vibrant field of research. Introductory monographs and volumes typically focus on the history of the natural sciences (Hagner 2001; Kragh 1989; Serres 2002; Sommer et al. 2017). The history of technology often appears as a separated field of research (see König 2009). The series “Cambridge History of Science” does have a volume on the history of the social sciences (Porter and Ross 2008), but none on the history of the humanities. The latter still seems to be very separated from the general history of science, as if C. P. Snow’s dictum of the “two cultures” (scientists and literary intellectuals) was set in stone. In this Special Issue, (New) Histories of Science, in and beyond Modern Europe, we do not attempt to provide an all-encompassing overview of all research areas, methodological and theoretical approaches, and narratives that constitute the histories of the various sciences. Instead, we present contributions on a broad spectrum of current research topics and (new) approaches, highlighting their ramifications and illustrating their ties to neighboring disciplines and (interdisciplinary) areas of research, e.g., philosophy of science, science and technology studies, gender studies, or intellectual history. Moreover, the contributions exemplify how histories of science can be written in ways that not only move across but also challenge temporal and spatial categories and categorizations, including hegemonic understandings of “modernity”, Eurocentric views of the development of science and the humanities, or certain notions of center-periphery. They deal with histories of specific disciplines, specific research objects and phenomena, and with specific practices, while they also explore the historicity of certain ideals of scientificity (in the sense of the German Wissenschaftlichkeit). Furthermore, some papers are dedicated to selected methods and perspectives of current approaches in the histories of science. Among them is a focus on practices, including the everyday actions involved in engaging in science, but also on the specific spaces and places of knowledge production, as well as on the media of knowledge transfer and communication. Emphasizing diversity and dynamics might give the impression of a certain arbitrariness. Therefore, we want to shortly introduce the articles and provide some background on what aspects they represent. The articles by Rens Bod and Philippe Fontaine present two relatively new research fields in the histories of science in its broad conception: the history of the humanities and the history of the social sciences. Bod is one of the leading scholars voting for a comprehensive new field called “history of the humanities”, which should reach beyond the traditional and often Eurocentric histories of single humanities’ disciplines often written by experienced scholars who were socialized in the respective discipline. But what are the epistemic elements holding the humanities together? This is one of the main questions discussed in this new field, and Bod suggests to apply “patterns”, which would allow speaking of the humanities as such (Bod 2013, 2022). In the history of the social sciences, the methodological and theoretical discussions are of a different nature. The differences between specific social sciences (such as economics, sociology, psychology, human geography, etc.) require intense reflection on what defines them as social sciences and what methods are suitable for their historical analysis (see Backhouse and Fontaine 2010). Fontaine reflects the historiographical traditions in this field of research, emphasizing specific disciplinary histories on the one, and more general intellectual history on the other hand. According to Fontaine, scholars have increasingly combined these traditions and implemented the transnational turn in the past twenty years, and consequently, such historiographical polarizations have come to an end. Fontaine’s and Bod’s articles both highlight the need for approaches transcending Eurocentric narratives. So does Sonja Brentjes’ contribution, where a different issue is center stage, namely the question of how to arrive at a good historiographical balance between content and context in order to understand the achievements and the shortcomings of scientific communities in past Islamicate societies. Contrasting investigations of content with investigations of context leads to conflict, exclusion and closure, she argues. Instead, Brentjes pleads for extensive cooperation to mutually benefit from the very diverse backgrounds of the scholars in this area. This, however, would require “to recognize the contradictions, mistakes or relative simplicity in an authorial or artisanal product without, however, denying such a product and its maker the right to serious historical analysis” (pp. 280–81). The tension between context and content approaches is also a hot topic in the history and historiography of mathematics. Traditionally, the history of mathematics presents itself as relatively autonomous field in the history of science and technology, often practiced by mathematicians themselves. In their article, Jenny Boucard and Thomas Morel provide an overview of this field of research and discuss new research topics that are more on the context side of historiography: mathematical education, the inclusion of actors previously neglected such as school teachers, or the influence of bureaucracies in the cultural development of mathematics. The younger trend in historiography of mathematics exploring education is related to aspects of articulation, mediation and circulation of scientific knowledge, which is also a major focus in the history of knowledge (see Bod 2022; Secord 2004). Two articles of this Special Issue explicitly historicize communication practices in scholarship. Kristian H. Nielsen discusses histories of science communication and identifies two main contradictory narratives: widening gaps between science and the public on the one hand, building bridges through dialogue, engagement, and participation on the other. What unites them, according to Nielsen, is the fact that science communication is not a distorted form of science but the sum of social conversations around science. Josep Simon explores another area that touches the topic of “science communication:” scientific publishing. He demonstrates the vitality this research field showed in the past decades and how it furthers interdisciplinary cooperation with fields such as book history, the history of education and communication studies. Communication and information gathering practices are changing rapidly in the computer age. In their article, Anna Siebold and Matteo Valleriani provide an overview of the latest developments in digital history. For the history of science, one of the main advantages of using digitized sources is the possibility to identify networks of scientists and scholars and to describe their complex behavior in such a network during a certain period of time. With the digital age and the seemingly endless possibilities of the internet in general and social media in particular, new groups of actors are questioning the leading roles of scientists and scholars in society. They present themselves as experts, even though they follow a style of thought that previously was labelled as “pseudoscientific”. The relationships between science and “pseudoscience”, between the known and the unknown, success and error, and consideration and ignorance, are examined by Lukas Rathjen and Jonas Stähelin in their analysis of the dialectical constitution of scientific knowledge. The authors demonstrate how the exploration of this dialectical constitution allows for a novel comprehensive way of unpacking how images and ideals of science are constituted epistemically as well as socially through processes of inclusion and exclusion. Inclusive and exclusive processes of (re)negotiating what science can and should be are often tied to specific sites of science and scholarship. Such sites are the main focus of the papers by Donald L. Opitz and Jan Surman. According to Opitz, the ubiquity and distinctiveness of domestic sites for scientific research attracted a great amount of research in the past years. The relationship between amateur and professional science and gender aspects in science have been prominent topics. Focusing on the role of domestic spaces in knowledge production, scholars have been able to trace how scientific developments in their various historical contexts have been embedded in gender-, class-, and race-based social structures and power relations. Surman, in contrast, considers scholarship in transnational empires as a tool to transcend national narratives in the history of science. He argues that the imperial history of science plays an important role in revising the post-/decolonial history of sites having been under imperial rule, taking Central and Eastern Europe as example. Jeremy Vetter, too, emphasizes the role of embeddedness in his discussion of the field. The field as such, as well as in its interplay with the laboratory, has been one of the most important material, virtual and discursive places of engaging in modern science in many disciplines, ranging from biology to cultural anthropology. As Vetter shows, the work of field scientists and the process of becoming a scientist in the field was shaped by power relations on various spatial scales and also influenced by colonialism. The development of science, particularly the natural and the field sciences, has often moved hand in hand with technological developments. Therefore, technology is a crucial aspect of today’s histories of sciences. However, inspired by the History of Technology and Science and Technology Studies, the focus has shifted from “technology as innovation” towards “technology-in-use”. Heike Weber’s contribution represents one aspect of this approach. It reflects on one of the newest topics in this field: repair, maintenance and the process of becoming obsolete. In this way, Weber situates technology in a temporal frame of its own. She emphasizes the importance of such technological temporalities not only for the history of science, but also for our thinking about ongoing debates of technological solutions in the “Anthropocene”. As editors, we hope that the contributions to this Special Issue may provoke discussions about the disciplinary matrix of the history of science and on its theoretical and methodological foundations. Can historians of the humanities use the same approaches as historians of the natural sciences? What is the role of the histories of social sciences and humanities next to the histories of the natural sciences and mathematics? And what kind of institutional structure would be required for exploring the histories of science in such a comprehensive way? At the same time, we hope that this issue provides an introduction and an entry point to the manifold research questions, objects and practices of historians of the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, and technology. Finally, the various contributions illuminate the ramifications and richness of the relationship of histories of science to other fields of historical research. They show how histories of science have not only been inspired by many other fields of history, but how they deal with topics and research questions that might also inspire gender history, colonial history, media history, and environmental history. Moreover, they deal with research questions also relevant to many non-historical fields, such as the sociology of knowledge, or communication studies. In other words, the manifold histories of science offer approaches and tools to connect various interests both within history, and between history and its neighboring fields.Type: journal-articleJournal: HistoriesVolume: 4Issue: 1 -
PublicationOcean activism: understanding political acts in extra-national terrain( 2024)From enslaved people capturing vessels during the Middle Passage to Greenpeace’s and Sea Shepherd’s famous anti-whaling campaigns in the latter half of the twentieth century – resistance at sea is a phenomenon that is as old as human seafaring. Yet, while social movement scholars have a long-standing interest in transnational movements and what it means to act politically beyond the borders of nation-states, much less is known about social movements acting outside of national territory, in the international waters of the planetary ocean. This article addresses this gap by bringing the phenomenon of sea-oriented civil society to the attention of social movement scholars and proposing a conceptual framework for understanding ocean activism. Bringing together currently scattered accounts of maritime movements with relevant literature from the recent ocean turn across the social and political sciences, the article argues that we may understand ocean activism along three defining, sea-specific characteristics: (1) material specificity (due to the sea’s elemental qualities), (2) technological dependency (from ships to AIS), and (3) extra-territoriality (outside national jurisdiction). The paper contributes to discussions of transnational social movements in particular, demonstrating that scholarly attention to the ocean enables new perspectives on their spatial politics, media and data practices, and materiality. Thus, addressing social movement scholarship’s terrestrial bias does not only allow us to begin to conceptualize ocean activism but opens up paths to better understand political acts in extra-national terrains, in and beyond the sea.Type: journal-articleJournal: Social Movement Studies
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PublicationOcean Justice: Rethinking Global Justice from the Sea( 2023)
;Chris ArmstrongDiscussions of global justice urgently need to include the question of the sea, and to foreground the concept of ocean justice. The ocean is discussed here as a site from which to address planetary environmental destruction, issues of global inequality and racialised violence - but also as a political laboratory from which radical alternatives to the current global order may emerge. Discussion focuses on the Blue New Deal; Blue Acceleration - the current, largely unregulated, push for growth from ocean-based industries including fossil fuel extraction, the exploitation of marine genetic resources, and industrial fishing; maritime migration and the racialised sea; the lack of regulation of the high seas; the possibilities this creates for radical sea alternatives-for reimagining the sea and ocean justice from the perspective of maritime civil society. Through a New Blue Deal, the ocean can be a starting point for addressing both the global ecological crisis and issues of global injustice.Type: journal-articleJournal: SoundingsVolume: 83Issue: 83