The organizational and technological origins of the U.S. shale gas revolution, 1947 to 2012

We explore the origins and the development of hydraulic fracking technology that made possible United States' unexpected rise as a top producer of oil and gas. As hydraulic fracking was first used extensively to produce shale gas and only later to produce shale oil, we focus on analyzing what is often referred to as the "shale gas revolution. " We trace how the shale gas ecosystem evolved, what role different actors played in the unexpected shale gas revolution, and how the strategies and knowledge bases of the different actors differed and evolved over time.