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PublicationWhat are the Actual Costs of Cyber Risk Events?(Elsevier, 2018-06-17)Cyber risks are an important point on the business agenda in every company, but they are difficult to assess due to the absence of reliable data and profound analyses. To improve this situation, we identify cyber losses from an operational risk database and analyze these with methods from the field of actuarial science. Specifically, we apply operational risk models in order to yield consistent risk estimates, depending on country, industry, size, and other variables. Our results show that human behavior is the main source of cyber risk and that cyber risks are very different compared to other operational risk. The results of the paper are useful for practitioners, policymakers and regulators in order to provide a better understanding of this new and important type of risk.Type:Journal:Volume:Issue:
Scopus© Citations 103 -
PublicationThe Determinants of Efficiency and Productivity in the Swiss Insurance IndustryUsing state-of-the-art frontier efficiency methodologies, we study the efficiency and productivity of Swiss insurance companies in the life, property/casualty, and reinsurance sectors from 1997-2013. In this context, we provide the first empirical analysis of internationalization strategies of insurance companies, a topic of high interest in the business and economics literature, but one that has to date not been the focus of efficiency studies in the insurance sector. We find that productivity and efficiency have improved with regard to property/casualty and reinsurance. In the case of life insurance, productivity and efficiency diminished; however, life insurance firms with higher levels of international business exhibit superior efficiency levels. We observe that diversification strategies directed to the European market are more beneficial compared to those targeting markets outside of Europe.Type:Journal:Volume:Issue:
Scopus© Citations 75 -
PublicationInsurability of Cyber Risk: An Empirical AnalysisThis paper discusses the adequacy of insurance for managing cyber risk. To this end, we extract 994 cases of cyber losses from an operational risk database and analyse their statistical properties. Based on the empirical results and recent literature, we investigate the insurability of cyber risk by systematically reviewing the set of criteria introduced by Berliner (1982). Our findings emphasise the distinct characteristics of cyber risks compared with other operational risks and bring to light significant problems resulting from highly interrelated losses, lack of data and severe information asymmetries. These problems hinder the development of a sustainable cyber insurance market. We finish by discussing how cyber risk exposure may be better managed and make several sug-gestions for future research.
Scopus© Citations 186
