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    The Role of Stock Exchanges in the Sustainability Reporting Debate: Evidence from the TCFD Recommendations
    (2024-01-31)
    This study examines stock exchanges’ role in promoting the adoption of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) framework. It analyses a sample of 10,476 companies headquartered in the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland and listed on 39 stock exchanges. The results suggest that exchanges fulfil some but a rather weak quasi-regulatory role: Although not part of an explicit governmental regulation, companies are more likely to support the TCFD when listed on an exchange that declared support itself. In that case, the entry barrier is lower due to low effort and negligible costs. In contrast, the entry barrier to publish a TCFD report involves higher costs, which may deter firms from doing so. Furthermore, the results indicate that visible companies (larger firm size) and those with relatively low effort in adopting the TCFD (higher environmental performance) are more likely to support the initiative. The results provide some but no strong support for the Sustainable Stock Exchange initiative’s approach, focusing on stock exchanges to advance markets’ climate resiliency.
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    Corporate Green Bonds: The Role of External Reviews for Investment Greenness and Disclosure Quality
    Based on signaling theory, we examine the role of external reviews during the life-cycle of corporate green bonds. We focus on (1) whether investment greenness is related to external review upon issuing a green bond and (2) whether disclosure quality is positively associated with the assurance of green bond reports. Our results indicate that although companies with worse environmental performance are more likely to obtain at-issuance external reviews for their green bonds, their certified investments are more likely to be greener than those companies that did not obtain a review at issuance. This suggests that a more regulated form of external review may serve as a credible signal for green proceeds invested. In addition, we develop a disclosure index for green bond reports and show that post-issuance report assurance is associated with increased transparency. Our findings provide evidence that external reviews in the green bond issuance process are important governance factors to rule out potential greenwashing through the use of corporate green bonds.
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