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    A red flag for public goods? The correlates of civil society restrictions
    (Wiley, 2025) ;
    Mitchell, Neil
    ;
    Bakke, Kristin
    Governments increasingly restrict civil society organizations (CSOs). Different theories converge on the expectation that CSOs are important for public goods. A largely unexplored implication is that increased restrictions on CSOs will signal the under-delivery of public goods. Using data on government-imposed restrictions on CSOs for a global sample of countries, we test this implication. Controlling for unobserved crosscountry heterogeneity, temporal shocks, and con-This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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    Scopus© Citations 3
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    Many hurdles to take: Explaining peacekeepers’ ability to engage in human rights activities
    (2025) ;
    Ruhe, Constantin
    ;
    Otto, Sabine
    Human rights are a fundamental principle and purpose of the United Nations (UN). Yet, UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) exhibit substantial variation in their ability to engage in human rights activities. While existing research has investigated deployment and mandates, we explain what peacekeepers can actually do on the ground. We argue that the UN Security Council's permanent member states (the P5) limit human rights mandates if they have private interests in PKO host countries, thereby diminishing peacekeepers' ability to promote and protect human rights. Moreover, armed conflict shifts priorities away from human rights activities. We use novel data on 21 human rights activities in African countries (1991-2016) and item response models to capture PKOs' latent ability to engage in these activities. Random and fixed effects regression and mediation analyses with sensitivity tests support our expectations. We find that the P5's economic interests in the PKO host country negatively correlate with the strength of human rights mandate provisions, which in turn negatively correlates with PKOs' ability to engage in human rights activities. We find similar, although less consistent, correlations for P5's security interests. Yet, while mandates partly define the scope of PKOs' activities, field-level conditions also have an influence. Specifically, ongoing armed conflict negatively correlates with PKOs' ability to engage in human rights activities. Our results suggest that rising challenges to the liberal international order by powerful states, coupled with the more frequent deployment of PKOs in conflict zones, will likely increase the hurdles that UN PKOs need to overcome to meet expectations regarding their human rights engagement.
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    The Backlash Against Civil Society Participation in International Organizations: The Case of Human Rights Complaints Mechanisms
    (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2025) ;
    What are the repressive consequences of civil society participation in international human rights complaints mechanisms? Such mechanisms allow civil society actors to make governments' human rights violations known to international organizations. International organizations can respond by 'naming and shaming' states. We expect that complaint-based shaming increases repression against civil society organizations (CSOs). In particular, governments exploit the specific and personalized information contained in complaint-based shaming to repress challengers and deter future complaints. We test our theory with three studies-(i) a cross-national analysis, (ii) a CSO-level analysis with original survey data, and (iii) a media-based analysisusing multiple identification strategies, including instrumental variables. Our evidence shows that shaming in response to complaints has detrimental effects for CSOs in both democracies and autocracies. Our findings highlight that personalized shaming creates the risk of targeted reprisals and call for reforms that take this risk more seriously.
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    Scopus© Citations 1
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    UN peacekeeping upon deployment: Peacekeeping activities in theory and practice
    (SAGE Publications, 2024-03-13)
    Otto, Sabine
    ;
    Kube, Felix
    ;
    United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKO) have been deployed in conflict-affected countries for decades. While we thoroughly understand what UNPKOs are mandated to do, there is little research on what activities peacekeepers actually do upon deployment in their host countries and in which sequence, if any. To address this gap, we formulate descriptive hypotheses about the number of implemented peacekeeping activities, the expansion toward new activity categories, and the sequencing of implemented activities. We use the novel Extended Peacekeeping Activity Dataset to evaluate our theoretical expectations for all UNPKOs deployed after the end of the Cold War until 2017. Our findings show that UNPKOs implement more activities over time. Yet, the expansion of UNPKOs' activities into new activity categories by generation (second, third, and stabilization) is not as clear-cut in practice as expected. Instead, there is a notable expansion of activities within activity categories-especially during thirdgeneration UNPKOs. Finally, we find a security-first sequencing for second-and third-generation UNPKOs, while stabilization UNPKOs implement a high share of security activities long after initial deployment.
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    Scopus© Citations 6
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    A Red Flag for Public Goods? The Correlates of Closing Civic Space
    (2024) ;
    Bakke, Kristin M
    ;
    Mitchell, Neil J
    Governments increasingly restrict civil society organizations (CSOs). Different theories converge on the expectation that CSOs are important for public goods. A largely unexplored implication is that increased restrictions on CSOs will signal the under-delivery of public goods. Using data on government-imposed restrictions on CSOs for a global sample of countries, we test this implication. Controlling for unobserved cross-country heterogeneity, temporal shocks, and confounding variables, we find that the accumulation of restrictions on CSOs negatively correlate with public goods-oriented government spending and positively correlate with corruption and clientelism in the future. Our evidence also suggests that the mechanism underpinning these findings is that persistent restrictions on CSOs negatively correlate with engaged society and, to some extent, protest. While global governance actors warn of the negative consequences of restrictions on CSOs, our analyses provide evidence that restrictions are indeed a red flag for governments' failure to live up to their public goods commitment.
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    Scopus© Citations 3
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    Civil Society Under Attack: The Consequences for Horizontal Accountability Institutions
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-02-01) ;
    Johansson, Jessica
    ;
    Richter, Thomas
    Existing research shows that the activity of independent civil society organizations (CSOs) is an important ingredient of democratization and democratic consolidation. Yet, what happens when governments impose restrictions on CSO activity? This manuscript investigates how restrictions on CSOs affect the quality of horizontal accountability institutions like parliaments and courts. CSOs monitor and mobilize against violations of democratic norms. Thus, if governments impose restrictions on CSO activity, they may face fewer barriers (i.e., less scrutiny and criticism) to dismantling horizontal checks and balances. In addition, when restrictions prevent CSOs from supporting horizontal accountability institutions (e.g., with monitoring and expertise), the latter's ability to control and constrain governments likely declines. Our large-N crosscountry analysis supports this argument, suggesting that the imposition of restrictions on CSOs diminishes the quality of horizontal accountability institutions. We examine alternative explanations (i.e., prior autocratization trends and the authoritarian nature of governments) and offer qualitative evidence from Kenya and Turkey to illustrate the expected causal pathways. Our results imply that a crackdown on CSOs serves as a warning sign of deteriorating horizontal oversight.
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    Scopus© Citations 13
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    Scopus© Citations 3
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    When do UN peacekeeping operations implement their mandates?
    (2021) ;
    Blair, Robert A.
    ;
    Di Salvatore, Jessica
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    Scopus© Citations 39
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    Scopus© Citations 47